How to Teach the Past Simple to ESL Students

Teaching the English past simple verb tense to ELL or ESL students is rather straightforward after youve taught the present simple. Students will be familiar with the idea of auxiliary verbs in the question and negative but not in the positive form. They will be able to convert to past simple using helping verbs as in: Does she play tennis? - Did she play tennis?We dont drive to work. - They didnt drive to work. Theyll also be happy to know that the verb conjugation always remains the same, no matter the subject of the sentence. IYouHeShe played tennis last week.ItWeYouThey   Of course, theres the issue of irregular verbs,  which  can be frustrating because they just have to be memorized and reinforced through practice. A sampling of these: be—was/werecatch—caughtspeak—spokeunderstand—understood Past Time Expressions The key to teaching the past simple effectively is making it clear from the beginning that the past simple is used when something begins and ends in the past. The use of appropriate  time expressions will help: last: last week, last month, last yearago: two weeks ago, three days ago, two years agowhen past: when I was a child when she worked in New York Start by Modeling the Past Simple Begin teaching the past simple by speaking about some of your past experiences. If possible, use a mix of regular and irregular past verbs. Use time expressions to provide context. Its also a good idea to mix in some other subjects such as my friend or my wife to signal that there is no change in the conjugation of the past simple other than putting the verb into the past. I visited my parents in Olympia last weekend.My wife cooked a wonderful dinner yesterday.We went to a movie yesterday evening. Continue modeling by asking yourself a question and providing the answer. Where did you go last week?  I went to Portland yesterday.When did you have lunch yesterday? I had lunch at 1 oclock yesterday.Which level did you teach last month? I taught beginner- and intermediate-level classes. Next, ask students similar questions. Its a good idea to use the same verbs—for example: went, had, played, watched, ate—when asking questions. Students will be able to follow your lead and answer appropriately. Introduce Regular and Irregular Verbs Using the verbs youve introduced, quickly ask students the infinitive form for each verb. Which verb is went?  goWhich verb is cooked? cookWhich verb is visited? visit Which verb is had? haveWhich verb is taught? teach Ask students if they notice any patterns. ​Usually, a few students will recognize that many past regular verbs end in ‑ed. Introduce the idea that some verbs are irregular and must be learned individually. Its a good idea to provide an irregular verb sheet for their study and future reference. Quick drills, such as a past simple grammar chant, will help students learn irregular forms. When discussing past regular verbs, make sure that students understand that the final e  in ‑ed  is generally silent: listened - /lisnd/watched - /wacht/   BUT: visited - /vIzIted/   Introduce Negative Forms Finally, introduce the negative form of the past simple through modeling. Model the form to the students and immediately encourage a similar answer. You can do this by asking a student a question, then modeling a negative and a positive sentence. When did you have dinner yesterday?  (student) I had dinner at 7 oclock.Did he/she  have dinner at 8 oclock? No, he/she didnt have dinner at 8 oclock. He/she had dinner at 7 oclock. Resources and Lesson Plans to Practice the Past Simple Explaining the Past Simple on the Board Use a past tense timeline to visualize the idea that the past simple is used to express something that began and ended in the past. Review time expressions that are used in the past, including last week, last month, and last year; in dates; and yesterday. Comprehension Activities After students are familiar with the form, continue expanding their understanding of it, as well as irregular verbs, with comprehension activities. Using stories of vacations, listening to  descriptions of something that  happened, or reading news stories will help underline when the past simple is used. Pronunciation Challenges Another challenge for students will be understanding the pronunciation of the past forms of regular verbs. Explaining the idea of voiced and voiceless pronunciation patterns will help students understand this pronunciation pattern.

The Relationship Between Oklahomans and Native Americans...

The Relationship Between Oklahomans and Native Americans I. Introduction When the name Oklahoma is mentioned, there are certain things that come to the minds of many people and one of those things are Native Americans. Native Americans and Oklahoma share a special bond that neither one of them ever thought would come into fruition. This special bond between Native Americans and Oklahoma is something that started with great hesitance but has blossomed into something great. During this paper, the evolution of this relationship between Native Americans and Oklahoma will be discussed. Oklahomans and Native Americans share a mutual respect relationship that has blossomed very much so. II.) Introduction to Native Americans†¦show more content†¦The white man would soon take the territory that these Native Americans were so proud about and fought each other for with great respect from them. All Native Americans were very different and not the same, however, when it came to their relationship with the â€Å"white man† all the Native Americans were treated the same. III.) Arrival of the White Man When the â€Å"white man† first arrived on this country that had previously just been occupied by Native Americans the â€Å"white man† was very friendly to the Native American. Native Americans seemed to regard their lighter-complexioned visitors as something of a marvel, not only for their dress, beards, and winged ships but even more for their technology-steel knives and swords, fire-belching arquebus (a portable firearm of the 15th and 16th centuries) and cannon, mirrors, hawk bells and earrings, copper and brass kettles, and other items unusual to the way of life of Native Americans. Before the arrival of the Europeans, there was an estimated total of eleven million Native Americans in North America. So the Native Americans outnumbered the â€Å"white man† by far, not trying to say that the Native Americans would have all band together and tried to keep the â€Å"white man† from entering their country because the Native Americans were spread out all over North America. Another reason the Native Americans did not try and fight all the â€Å"white men† who entered the country is because of the â€Å"white mans† nice gestures.Show MoreRelatedNative American History : Native Americans1879 Words   |  8 Pages†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Native American Lives Since the beginning of time, conquering other societies has been a common occurrence. Almost every battle that has taken place has been documented. When stories of past battles are retold, only one side of the tale gets told, the victor’s side. In history, the ones who have been defeated never get to present their perspective of the tragic quarrels. Most never even lived to tell the stories, but the ones who do survive are not thought of as important accounts in historyRead MoreLasting Effects of European Colonization on Native American Indians.1047 Words   |  5 Pageson North American Indians Since the Europeans set foot on North American soil in 1620,they have had a devastating effect on the native population. I will be discussing the long term effect of North American colonisation on the Native Americans, focusing on such issues as employment opportunities, the environment, culture and traditions, health, as well as social justice. I will begin with the important issue of employment opportunities. The unemployment rate for Native Americans is a staggeringRead MoreAmerican Indian Behavioral Health Assessment Instruments4140 Words   |  17 PagesAmerican Indian Behavioral Health Assessment Instruments Dee Manatowa University of New England Abstract Mental and behavioral health agencies who service American Indians should employ a culturally relevant approach. Cultural-specificity is essential for understanding beliefs, values, and first language colloquial speech. Cultural-specific assessment information can enhance our understanding of the client’s symptoms and the need for other appropriate evaluation techniques. Client

The Old Man and the Sea Free Essays

What makes Ernest Hemingway memorable? Ernest Hemingway, a fellow member of the Lost Generation Americans in Paris, was born in Oak Park, Illinois. He started writing at age 17 when he became a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City. Then after getting injured in World War I he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspaper. We will write a custom essay sample on The Old Man and the Sea or any similar topic only for you Order Now The job acquired him to relocate back to Europe to cover events, such as the Greek Revolution. Throughout his life he wrote many great novels, however like every writer he encountered â€Å"writers block† for quite some years. However, he came back in 1952 with his most outstanding short novel, The Old Man and the Sea. In this novella, Ernest Hemingway wrote about a well-rounded old man, named Santiago, who faces off with death, and lives to see the boy, Manolin, once again. Death takes Santiago on a long and lonely journey, wishing Manolin was with him at sea. Hemingway’s short novel, The Old Man and the Sea, depicts a tremendous challenge that Santiago and Manolin must struggle against nature and one’s self. Not all men are respected by others, not all men are kind-hearted, and not all men are devoted. Most importantly not all men are all three of these characteristics. However, Santiago, also known as the Old man, is all three of these personality traits and much more. In, The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway describes Santiago as, â€Å"The Old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotched ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords†¦ Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated† (Hemmingway 9-10). The reader now knows that that the Old man is persistent and a child-at-heart kind of character. For example, Santiago was going on it eighty-four days without catching any fish, yet he still stayed optimistic each and every day saying, â€Å"But today is eighty-five days and I should fish the day well† (Hemingway 41). He stays childlike through the baseball, dreaming about lions, and fishing. According to Burhans, â€Å"Santiago is seen as a loving, patient, and brave man, both proud and humble, who accepts and appreciates life, despite all its hardships† (Burhans 198). He is patient because he let the marlin reel him out to sea for two days, while others would have given up on it. He is loving because he loves the marlin even though it can kill him in a matter of seconds, and he loves Manolin as if it were his own son. He is brave because in the short story he fought off countless sharks with only things he had on his small boat. At the end of the novella, after Santiago caught the fish and arrived home, never once had he boasted about the enormous marlin he caught or shown off his scars he got from the marlin, instead he dreams about his happy place. The only person who knows how hard the Old man suffered at sea is his care-taker. Manolin is the type of son that every parent wants. In The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, â€Å"Manolin is shown to be someone who love and respects Santiago, and who realizes that he can learn things from the old man that he can’t learn at home† (Burhans 198). Manolin is a teenage boy who is very accumulating to the Old man, â€Å"I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket† (Hemingway 21). Another example, is when he gets beer, and sardines for Santiago. Also, whenever Santiago goes out fishing he always wishes to come with him, â€Å"Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?†¦ I would like to go If I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some way† (Hemmingway 12). He not only takes care of him he also has a father-and-son relationship with Santiago,† The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him† (Hemingway 10). He did not learn a lot of things from his father because his father doesn’t acknowledge him; however, Manolin is â€Å"a boy† and â€Å"must obey him. † However, at the end of the story after he saw the Old man’s hands and cried he declared to Santiago that â€Å"Now we fish together again† (Hemmingway 125). When Santiago asked him about what his family would think about it, Manolin simply replied, â€Å"I do not care. I caught two yesterday. But we will fish together now for I still have much to learn†¦ You must get will fast for there is much that I can learn and you can teach me everything†¦ † (Hemingway 125-126). This statement is very important because it shows that he is willing to go against his parent’s authority to take care of Santiago. Essentially, when Santiago passes away Manolin will be able to carry on his legacy. Everyone dies, but their life never really ends. In other words, the person may not physically be here in the world, but he/she is still alive in their love one’s heart. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway never actually wrote that Santiago dies at the end of the novella, but the reader knows that he will pass away eventually with all the subtle hints Hemingway put in. For example, the book ends with him sleeping and dreaming about lions, his happy place; it’s an inclination that he is at peace and will be able to die happy. Also, another example is Santiago catching the enormous marlin. This symbolizes that he has completed the greatest challenge life can throw at him, and that there will be no more challenges in the near future because the marlin he caught returned back to the island as a skeleton. The biggest hint that Hemingway can give away is the fact that Santiago accepts death, â€Å"Fish†¦ I’ll stay with you until I am dead† (Hemingway 52). However, his life doesn’t just finish there. According to Wilson, â€Å"The old man becomes the sea and like the sea he endures. He is dying as the year is dying. He is fishing in September, the fall of the year, the time that corresponds in the natural cycle to the phase of sunset and sudden death†¦ Yet the death of the old man will not bring an end to the cycle; as part of the sea he will continue to exist†¦ † (Wilson 1342). This statement is especially significant because it lets somebody see that there is life after death. Life continues on even without being physically here in the world. In effect, this illustrates how powerful the human spirit is. Is it achievable to break a man but not his spirit? According to Stoneback it is probable, â€Å"Hemingway’s theme has the broadest possible application to general experience, suggesting that although a person may be stripped of everything in the process of living, may lose everything and everyone, nevertheless a quest conducted with skill, courage, endurance, honor, and compassion can guarantee the ultimate triumph of the human spirit† (Stoneback 3042). In The Old Man and the Sea, it proves to be true because never once did Santiago ever lose hope even when his hand cramped, had back trouble, and missed the boy. He stayed positive knowing that whatever challenge was thrown his way he would figure out a way to become victorious. For example, when the sharks started attacking his marlin he stayed calm and defended the fish. Also, in the novella Santiago says, â€Å"A man can be destroyed but not defeated† (Hemingway 103). The fact that Santiago himself accepts this way of living life means he is doing things right. People should never give up as long as they are willing to fight for what they believe in. Essentially, this even means to fight against this book. The short novel, The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, is one of his best work of art. However, some say it was is worst work of art he ever wrote. The story was highly mind-numbing; no one wants to read about a fish dragging an old man at sea for two days without any action. Also, the story plot was unrealistic. For example, there is no way that one single man who had already wounded his hands terribly still be able to fight off sharks, especially in the dark where it is hard to see without any light. Another factor that made this novella a poor read was the resolution. The author wrote about a two day plot trying to catch this big huge marlin for only to be eaten by sharks in the end. It’s extremely disappointing that Santiago had to go through all these obstacles in order to get the marlin’s skeleton. In other words, Ernest Hemingway made a poor innocent old man suffer and get nothing in return. In addition, Santiago was suppose to sell the marlin’s meat for money to buy his necessities, however, now he can’t because there is nothing to sell. Now the reader gets to feel bad for Santiago lasting through the winter lonely and cold. Overall the novella, The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, is the most horrible work of art ever written by Hemingway. How to cite The Old Man and the Sea, Papers

Communication in Business for Conflict Management- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunication in Business for Conflict Management. Answer: Introduction The report is the reflective journal and discusses the communication in business. There are two topics taken from the course and experiences of these services have been recorded. The report is the view to enhancing the skills and knowledge in the context of the subject. It is constructed for increasing the learning and improving the performance of the students. The ideas and opinion of the students are marked to analyze what understanding they develop. The two topics selected are conflict management and social media. Conflict management has been explained and the ways to resolve the conflict will be quoted. For that, an event of the college is explained. Then the interpretation and evaluation of both the topic have been done. The reflection, queries and future perspective have been elucidated keeping in view the conflict management and social media. Social media is the great idea to flourish the business and gain the consumer base. Overall, the report deals with the knowledge and awareness that one should have. Also, the view was to develop the understanding and own perspective of seeing the things and act accordingly in the future. Conflict Management The service sector is the area where the most commonly occurring issues are the unhappy customers. The conflict arises due to the dissatisfaction among the customers or the needs are not fulfilled. The desires and demands vary from person to person and therefore it becomes the critical task to accomplish everyones need and one cannot give the statements like it was customers mistake or thats not fair on the part of consumer because consumers are always superior (Kessels, 2016). Describing the event I participated in the college event and was the part of the inter-college team and went to another college as a representative. The quiz competition was to be held and extempore was going on at that moment of time. What I could analyze from the scenario was the management skills of the college and the support of students; the way they handle the crowd and the manner they volunteered other students like us. They were peaceful and friendly handling all the situations and the program was on the track (Einarsen et al, 2016). The sudden conflict between this was seen by the students yet from another college and they were disrespecting and howling on the host volunteers on not welcoming and providing the adequate space. Though the volunteers were allotting the seats as they were instructed the situation got worsened and one of their staff had to come and deal with the situation. The faculty not only supported their students but also genuinely handled the situation by making those students comfortable at their seats using the polite and respectful language and better communication. This flashed the good management image of the college and the way professor motivated the students and simultaneously resolved the conflict in a peaceful manner just by using few polite words was adorable (Beitler et al, 2016). Interpretation and evaluation of situation On analyzing the entire solution it could be interpreted that conflict management needs to be focused not only theoretically but practically as well. Such an event helps the student like us to know how the things are managed, management does not mean to go smooth but the better management is how you hold back the situation when it gets worsened. It was learned that in an organization the conflicts are likely to occur and the prime responsibility of the company is to satisfy the customer and in doing so many times the employee's fault is been calculated as the customers cannot be blamed. From the above situation though it was on the small scale learning grows from the base only. It changes my perspective in the manner that the teacher not only helped the guest from the other college and calms them down in a soothing manner through better communication but also supported their very own students who were volunteering and encouraged them as well to boost up the morale (Canary Weger, 201 6). The power of communication and genuine body language is learned through it. The effective communication and use of wise words could resolve the adverse situation and the dual motives get fulfilled simultaneously and this is what effective management is and how the conflicts could be resolved. In the organizations as well if the manager adopts the particular conflict resolution strategies it would result in better employee performance and gain the customer loyalty as well (Kirk, 2017). Importance of these learnings The importance of this learning is that it will help me in the near future when I will be in the competitive market and will be working in the organization. Earlier my thoughts to conflict management was to have the particular cell who solves the grievance and the customers are convinced on the high notice and just for their satisfaction the employee though being correct at his/her part was made to apologise so that the happy customers are gained, in doing so the respect and worth of the employees gets lost somewhere (Fisher, 2016). This situation was not only good source of information for me but also for those students to whom the teacher supported. The question arises that will it be possible to implement the same in the real world? Do the organizations support their staff in a similar way? On researching it was found that big organization follows the similar criteria, they scold or make the employees learn about the things in person over the desk but in front of the guests, they are highly supported to reflect the positive and united image to the customers. Choosing the effective communication skills and other forms of gestures and body language could be used to convince the customer and through mutual understanding between employer-employee, the circumstances could be peacefully handled. If in future I got to be the part of organisation I would rather choose these short and sweet tricks to resolve the conflict and for this appropriate analysis and evaluation of situation will be done and the person involved in conflict will be made to learn things in private and I will support my staff in public to enhance the employee engagement and organisational commitment of the employees (McKibben, 2017). Social Media Information technology has taken over the market in the past 20 years and the development has been noted in the term of social media. The expansion of social media is spreading with the great pace and technology is playing the vital role in increasing the contacts and connections of people. It has become beneficial from the point of view of the business as it eases the promotional policies and the business could be growing its branches over the social media (Gaitho, 2017). Describing the event As quoted in social media is the good source of marketing. One of such events is the exhibition cum sale program to be organized in the college premises to make students gain the practical knowledge of mark1et and how the deals are done and adequate sales profit maximisation are accomplished. In order to invite more and more people, the promotion was made on the social media using the social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook and other relevant sites (Erickson, 2011). The glimpses of the event were shared and before the final date the registration for the stalls were made and the hike promotions were made. The schemes were attached to the products and even the sponsorship was asked and using the social media and demonstrating the importance and benefits of sponsorship to the people. The experience there was unique; many people came with the reference of things posted on the social media and the experienced candidates appreciated the efforts made by commenting on it and applaudi ng personally at the exhibition. The marketing tactics were made to learn by the professors and the power of social media was realized when our material that we created and were exhibiting was uploaded on YouTube and people were calling to inquire about our product which was created by using the waste material. It gave the idea of starting up the business of creating wows from the wastes (Kaur, 2016). Interpretation and evaluation of situation From the above event, it could be analyzed that with the use of social media even the new business could be established overseas with very minimal investment. Now days people are highly active on the social media and prefer the online shopping as it saves the time and varieties are made available on just one click which could be opted as the good manner to make the start-up. My idea was preparing the home dcor out of the waste material to convert the waste into wow. Even our stall was named as Waste to Wow where the essential and beautiful things were made available at the minimal rate. People were highly attracted to our products and were asking how we made such an effective thing. The real power of social media was realized that day when people clicked and posted our products on the social sites and YouTube and we were getting the orders over the call. Even there were calls for the sponsorship, even our own sponsors were happy enough with our work and offered us the investment as o ur plan was not only recycled but helping the environment and supporting the social cause as well. Some of the NGO get to know about the product and they gave the orders to supply the products to poor people as well. I gained many ideas and schemes which if connected could help the business acquire popularity and result in maximising sales and increasing the profits thereby (Thakur, Singh Singh, 2016). Importance of these learnings The event gave lots of learnings in context of the appropriate use of social media. Before this day it was the source of collecting newsfeed and sharing of thoughts. But it could be so effectively used for the business enhancement is learned on the day when my products gained such a tremendous popularity. The magic of social media helped me select the field of interest and clarify the thought on starting the business (Effing Spil, 2016). I had the interaction with the business person and sponsors at the exhibition and my query as to how to target the market? How the positioning could be done and what pricing strategies should I adopt? The experts rendered there advice to target the NGO at the initial level and mark the minimal profit margin at the initial point so that bulk orders could be collected. The knowledge enhancement was made on how to connect with the people with your business. The survey stated that 78% small business flourishes on the social media and attracts the niche market to gain optimum positioning (Growth gurus, 2017). Conclusion It could be concluded that theoretically things may be understood but only the practical exposure explains the situation better. The topics selected are conflict management and social media which are a crucial point to be understood before stepping in the real competitive world. Firstly the conflict management has been learned through the event organized in the inter-college activities and its description and interpretation have been given along with the reflection of the situation the queries and the new opinions developed have been discussed and similarly, the social media case has been elucidated and learning upon it is developed. The outcomes were wonderful and the path for a career has been decided to ensure the future. References Beitler, L. A., Beitler, L. A., Machowski, S., Machowski, S., Johnson, S., Johnson, S., Zapf, D. (2016). Conflict management and age in service professions.International Journal of Conflict Management. 27(3). 302-330. Canary, D. J., Weger, H. (2016). Competence in Conflict Management.The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Effing, R., Spil, T. A. (2016). The social strategy cone: Towards a framework for evaluating social media strategies.International journal of information management,36(1), 1-8. Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rorvik, E., Lande, . B., Nielsen, M. B. (2016). Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: a moderated mediation analysis.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-22. Erickson. C. (2011). 10 historical events affected by social media. Accessed on 13th October 2017. https://mashable.com/2011/12/04/social-media-historical-events/#z0Vd0ueIJSqR. Fisher, R. J. (2016). Third party consultation: A method for the study and resolution of conflict. InRonald J. Fisher: A North American Pioneer in Interactive Conflict Resolution(pp. 37-71). Springer International Publishing. Gaitho. M. (2017). What is the real impact of social media? Accessed on 13th October 2017. https://www.simplilearn.com/real-impact-social-media-article. Growth gurus. ( 2017).Why you need to understand the importance of social media. Accessed on 13th October 2017. https://www.growthgurus.com/blog/business-brand-need-understand-importance-social-media/. Kaur, G. (2016). Social Media Marketing.Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,4(7). Krik. R. (2015). The event mangers guide to conflict resolution. accessed on 13th October 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/event-managers-guide-conflict-resolution-ryan-kirk. McKibben, L. (2017). Conflict management: importance and implications.British Journal of Nursing,26(2). Thakur, S., Singh, S. S., Singh, G. (2016). Social Media Marketing and Brand Equity: A Study with Reference to Indian Context.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,6(2), 265-275.

What has been the impact of technological change on workers

Introduction In the recent years, much focus has been directed at the impact of technological change on the workforce. Such technological change or innovations include industrial robots, CAD (Computer Assisted Design), manufacturing systems that are very flexible, CAM (Computer Assisted Manufacturing), and communication systems that are highly advanced to mention but a few.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What has been the impact of technological change on workers? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These technologies often sell-out in low cost and yet powerful microelectronics devices capable of increasing productivity both in industrial production as well as office tasks. The appeal of such technologies is widespread and is being used throughout the universe (Caselli, 1999, p. 102). Even so, there are differing views about the implications of technological change in regard to employment. A number of analysts are of the opinion that there is an unprecedented acceleration in the pace of technological change. This rapid change according to some experts has culminated to loss of jobs for thousands of workers both in offices and plants, especially the introduction of innovations that are geared towards laborsaving. There is a consensus among these experts that the recent technological changes represent a sharp contrast from changes that took place in the past, adding that there is an urgent need to design measures for purposes of upholding job security. Other analysts, on the other hand, emphasize that there are numerous benefits that are brought about by technological change to all groups within the general public (Katz Murphy, 1992, p. 35). To them, changes are not revolutionary but rather they are more evolutionary in nature and as such technological change and technology in general generate more jobs contrary to beliefs that technology reduces job opportunities. It is without a doubt that t echnology and technological advancement have had the most profound consequence particularly on varying the duties and responsibilities that human beings perform in their professions. There has been a long speculation by economist on how technological changed affects both the relative demand for various types of labor force as well as the total demand for labor force in general. It has become a consensus among economist and commentators in the recent years that the demand for labor has been greatly affected by technological changes. Such technical change has resulted in a decrease in the demand for unskilled and less-skilled labor, and an increase in the demand for skilled labor. Consequently, future prospects of employment opportunities for the less skilled labor force are buried (Levy Murnane, 2003, p.43).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is worth noting that there is a general consensus among commentators regarding the current technological changes that such changes has opened up better possibilities for the future. As a matter of fact, the change in technology especially at workplaces has increased productivity which in turn has added enormous value to various states. Even though technological changes have brought with it numerous benefits and value to different states, such value has been achieved at a cost. Discussion It is worth noting from the onset that evaluating the impact of technological change is very multifaceted. This may be so since changes in technology are affected by, and interact with, patterns of consumption, international competition, changes in output, and other aspects. What is clear however, is the fact that there exist a relationship between technological change and employment. In many industries, the pace of introducing technological change seems to be accelerating. These industries are introducing new technologies in an e ffort to modernize their methods of production not only for purposes of enabling them to compete favorably in the local and international market, but also to reduce their costs of production. The study shows that technologies such as industrial robots, CAD (Computer Assisted Design), manufacturing systems that are very flexible, CAM (Computer Assisted Manufacturing), and communication systems that are highly advanced are extensively being introduced in industries such as banking, metal working, motor vehicle and steel industry a move that has tremendously increased their productivity (Katz Murphy, 1992, p. 44). There are generally few employees who have lost their jobs because of changes in technology. Some experts postulate that when the economy is strong, the introduction of new technology or technological change can be very consistent with minimal displacement of workers and high levels of employment (Goos Manning, 2003, p. 22). Moreover, most industries generally spend on new technology when there is a considerable growth in employment and economic expansion. Supporting this view, Card and Lemieux, (2001, p. 13), postulate that in the 1950’s when computers were introduced in the United States for purposes of office data applications, there were predictions by some experts that a huge number of kindred and clerical workers were likely to lose their jobs, and that other job opportunities would be curtailed by such an introduction. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in the employment of clerical workers over the past few decades. In fact, over the last decade the growth in employment opportunities within the economy of the United States there was a rapid growth clerical work in both relative as well as absolute terms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What has been the impact of technological change on workers? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It goes without saying that the introduction of new technologies such as microcomputers makes it possible to perform tasks that were previously impractical in the sense that such tasks were time consuming and too costly to perform. Technological change allows workers particularly those performing the management function to prepare analysis and reports that in the past would have been very expensive. Thus the introduction of new technology increased the range of activities for different industries and players in the economy, creating numerous opportunities for employment. In addition, new job opportunities emerged because of the introduction of new technologies such as microcomputers. Such occupations include among others; programmer, tape librarian, keypunch operator, systems analyst, and console operator. Computer industries were set up to produce more computers not to mention the other industries that were set up to produce related equipments. All these industries generated employment opportunities for many work ers in different areas. Analysts of technological change are of the view that there is a need for industries and firms to institute viable strategies to train their employees to enable them embrace new technologies whenever they are introduced. In the words of Berman (1998, p. 1246), technological change also brings about increased productivity and boost efficiency in different activities that workers undertake. Undeniably, technological changes have a positive impact on the growth in productivity of a given industry. This is because with new technology such as CAM, CAD, robots, and other advanced technologies are capable of reducing the unit of labor required for production. There is a change in the structure of occupations due to the new technologies. The groups that are increasing in importance because of technological change include: computer systems analysts, and programmers, technical and Professional workers, to mention but a few. In addition, technological change is also mod ifying the content of jobs. There seems to be an agreement among economist in the recent years that the impact of technology has had a positive influence in terms of the increase in the total demand for the labor force. In the argument postulated by Acemoglu (2000, p. 52) this is explained by the fact that there has been a massive increase in the real wages of workers and no distinct trends in the rates of unemployment have been directly linked to technological changes over time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, it is pertinent to mention that whenever changes take place, there are those who are favored by such changes and those who suffer as a consequence. Technological change is no different from other changes and as such there are those who lose their jobs and others who are favored by such changes. Those who suffer out of the changes are often given more attention and sympathized with than the beneficiaries of technological change. A good example to illustrate the foregoing argument of technological change can be found in the introduction of the mechanical loom which came to being at the begging of the nineteenth century. The introduction of mechanical looms brought about a tremendous increase in the output in weaving. Consequently, increasing by far the output that could have been produced manually by a weaver and the cost of clothing reduced. According to Johnson (1997, p. 44), the lower cost of clothing further resulted in a rise in the demand for clothing; nonetheless, this demand for clothing was not sufficient for purposes of retaining all weaving jobs that were previously in existence. As a result, there was a striking decrease in the job opportunities for weavers, particularly amongst those weavers who did not embrace the new technology and continued with their traditional handloom. Most of those weavers who lost their employment owing to the introduction of mechanical looms lost their source of income and poverty became rampant amongst them. The hand- loom weavers therefore, became the most visible losers in regard to the introduction of the mechanical loom technology and their misfortune was associated with the new technology. But the beneficiaries of the introduced technology were harder to spot. The decrease in the cost of producing cloths led to a reduced price on clothing and as such, a majority of people had an extra coin to spend on other things apart from clothing, increasing job opportunities geared towards the production of those ot her goods and services (Jerome, 1997, p. 28). According to Goos Manning, (2003, p. 18) the cost of technological changes is the loss of jobs. Technological changes that are geared towards labor saving have eliminated jobs opportunities and are continuing to decrease employment opportunities in the job sector as a whole. The accelerated technological change is therefore perceived by a number of commentators as a move towards an eventual elimination of job opportunities in the job sector (Goos Manning, 2003, p. 24). In his argument, Hecker (2004) warns that, with the current state of technological advancement, the market place will fall short of adequate work opportunities for purposes of keeping the population engaged. Perhaps one of the renowned proponents of the fact that technological changes reduce the general demand for workforce is Karl Marx. In his argument, Marx, 1965, postulated that there is a very big possibility of a double fall in wages during the process of developmen t. The first fall in wage according to him is relative and in proportion to the general wealth development; secondly, the fall in wage is also absolute following the fact that the quantity of commodities received by the workers in exchange continues to reduce (Krueger, 1993, p. 36). The link between technological change and wage inequality among workers has raised concerns among labor economist. The study shows that technological change has contributed greatly in the wage inequality in the labor market particularly the development or introduction of microcomputers in the labor market (Berman, 1998, p. 1258). Confirming this fact Kutz (1999, p. 43) postulate that in the early 1980s there was an increase in the wage inequality which was as a result of the invention of microcomputers just a few years earlier. It has also been suggested that another factor that can explain wage inequality as a result of technological change is the fact that unlike less-skilled workers, the highly skille d workers are more likely to make the most of computers at their jobs (Hounshell, 1994, p. 23). Basing on the aforementioned facts most of the literature regarding wage inequality seem to unanimously concur in the fact that following the invention and eventual introduction of new technology especially microcomputers, led to a relative increase in the demand for workers who were highly skilled. Consequently, there was a dramatic increase in the earning inequalities. Needless to say, this hypothesis that the introduction of new technological change brings about an increase in the demand for workers who are highly skilled, which in turn culminate to an increase in the wage disparity has often been referred to as the SBTC (Skill-Biased Technical Change) hypothesis (Berman, 1998, p. 1256). Conclusion Indeed, there are a number of benefits that technological change has on workers. From the foregoing discussion, the benefits of technological change outweigh the costs that that accrue. Some of the technological changes that have been witnessed in the past few years include among others CAM (Computer Assisted Manufacturing), industrial robots, CAD (Computer Assisted Design), communication systems that are highly advanced and manufacturing systems that are very flexible. Some experts postulate that there are a number of benefits that are brought about by technological change to all groups within the general public. To them changes are not revolutionary but rather they are more evolutionary in nature and as such technological change and technology in general generate more jobs contrary to beliefs that technology reduces job opportunities Critics of technological change on the other hand urge that technological change has instead lead to loss of jobs for thousands of workers both in offices and plants, especially the introduction of innovations that are geared towards laborsaving. Some of the benefits of technological change include among others to enable workers particul arly those performing the management function to prepare analysis and reports that in the past would have been very expensive. It has also been suggested that when the economy is strong, the introduction of new technology or technological change can be very consistent with minimal displacement of workers and high levels of employment. Moreover, most industries generally spend on new technology when there is a considerable growth in employment and economic expansion (Brenham, 1999, p. 330). It is worth noting that there is a general consensus among commentators regarding the current technological changes that such changes has opened up better possibilities for the future. As a matter of fact, the change in technology especially at workplaces has increased productivity which in turn has added enormous value to various industries. Introduction of new technologies such as microcomputers makes it possible to perform tasks that were previously impractical in the sense that such tasks were time consuming and too costly to perform (Wolff, 1996, p. 34). In addition, new job opportunities are likely to emerge because of the introduction of new technologies such as microcomputers. Such occupations include among others; programmer, tape librarian, a keypunch operator, systems analyst, and console operator. Thus the introduction of new technology increases the range of activities for different industries and players in the economy, creating numerous opportunities for employment. In addition the impact of technology has had a positive influence in terms of an increase in the total demand for labor force (Bresnahan, 1999, p. 392). Critics of technological change, however, argue that technological change has contributed greatly in the wage inequality in the labor market particularly the introduction of microcomputers in the labor market. The accelerated technological change is therefore perceived by a number of commentators as a move towards an eventual elimination of job opp ortunities in the job sector. Other critics have even warned that, with the current state of technological advancement, the market place will fall short of adequate work opportunities for purposes of keeping the population occupied. To a greater extent therefore, technological change has brought more benefits to workers which outweighs the cost. References Acemoglu, D. (2000). Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Berman, E. (1998). Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change: International Evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (3), 1245 – 1279. Bresnahan, T. (1999). Computerization and Wage Dispersion: An Analytical Reinterpretation. Economic Journal, 109 (1), 390 – 415. Caselli, F. (1999). Technological Revolutions. American Economic Review, 89 (1), 78 – 102. Goos, M. Manning, A. (2003). Lousy and Lovely Jobs: the Rising Polarization of Work in Britain. London: John Wiley Sons. Hounshell, D. (1994). From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Jerome, M. (1997). Technological Change and Employment: Some Results from BLS Research. Monthly Labor Review, 110 (4), 26–29. Johnson, G. (1997). Changes in Earnings Inequality: The Role of Demand Shifts. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11 (6), 41 – 54. Katz, L. Murphy, K. (1992). Changes in Relative Wages, 1963- 1987 – Supply and Demand Factors. Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 107 (1), 35–78. Krueger, A. (1993). How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Micro Data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (1), 33 – 60. Levy, F. Murnane, R. (2003). The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (4), 1279-1334. Wolff, E. (1996). The Growth of Information Workers in the U.S. Economy, 1 950-1990: The Role of Technological Change, Computerization, and Structural Change,† C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics. New York: New York University press. This essay on What has been the impact of technological change on workers? was written and submitted by user Liberty Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism

Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism General Overview of Social Construction Therapies Social construction theories are considered to be based on certain concepts such as special questions to be asked during individual and group counselling sessions and a strategy based on change process vision. In this respect, constructionist approach presupposes case conceptualisation and treatment goals that differ from merely gaining knowledge and counselling sessions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Conceptualisation Similarities As Solution Focused Brief Therapy approach and the Postmodern Social Construction perspective are very similar, it is necessary to mention that one of the similarities concern the case conceptualisation used in both therapies. As reported by Pichot Dolan (2003), â€Å"understanding of solution-focused therapy would be best viewed as a journey rather than a destination† (Pichot Dolan, 2003, p.5); this can be also applied to Postmodern Social Constructivism approach. In other words, both therapies are aimed at structuring of the process on the level of concepts of what is ‘good’ and what should be changed. Differences The main difference between Social Constructivism and Solution Focused Brief Therapy is that the former therapy uses identifies artefacts and their meaning whereas the latter defines a goal to achieve and outline the methods to use in the process of counselling. Actually, the Solution Focused Brief Therapy is almost based on the concepts invented within the Social Constructivism theory. Treatment Goals Similarities The main similarities of the two therapies mentioned above include the analysis of the current situation rather than analysis of some past events. Moreover, both therapies are aimed at consideration of the situation in a certain social context. Thus, both therapies im plement some structuring of the process. Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism approach are goal-focused and are not concentrated on what can be referred to as problem analysis, problem statement. These therapies do not find out what is wrong but rather identify what should be in the end of the therapeutic session. Differences Schaffer (2006) suggests the main peculiar feature of Social Constructivism theory as the one that the approach is not based on mere knowledge but is put into certain environment with its consequences, setting, and context as a whole. In this respect, the Social Constructivism theory is focused more on identification of artefacts and their meaning regarding the social context and analysis of what is ‘wrong’ and should be eliminated.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the Solution Focused Brief Therapy does not analyse the wrong and the right. It is aimed at construction of the final result by means of identifying what to achieve and only then outlines the steps including what to keep and what to change. Cases When Each Therapy Can Be Beneficial Each therapy can be beneficial in cases of alcohol and drug addiction; these therapies are very much alike and can be helpful during counselling sessions when a patient is not analysed as the one who did something wrong and the reasons for that. The sessions should be constructed in accordance with the abovementioned therapies because a patient should reach a goal in the end. Change Process and Rationale I think that Solution Focused Brief Therapy most closely reflects my beliefs about the change process when a counsellor helps a patient to transit from the current situation to a desired condition. I think so because this therapy is mostly aimed at reaching the goal instead of analysing the past and concluding. Reference List Pich ot, T, Dolan, Y. M. (2003). Solution-focused brief therapy: Its effective use in agency settings. London: Routledge Schaffer, H. R. (2006). Key concepts in developmental psychology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Routes to learning and impact on end results on Exercise to Music Essay

Routes to learning and impact on end results on Exercise to Music courses - Essay Example One method of training is the Freestyle approach which expands horizons and develops abilities; while the second method is the Pre-choreographed approach which trains instructors to conform to the traditional method of following a pre-written script developed by others. The two different learning outcomes depend on the particular productive process that integrates training and learning in context with each other (Felstead et al, 2006: 1). The health and fitness club sector in the United Kingdom has experienced rapid growth since the early 1990s. The steeply rising popularity of the fitness sector has reached nation-wide coverage, and has now levelled off into a plateau. Fitness organisations changed their focus on to increasing the productivity of the centres that are currently functioning. Hence, the emphasis on retaining existing members is growing, and more resources are being devoted for the same purpose (Mintel, 2005). Among various initiatives is the exercise to music program which has become a standardised brand name, and leaves little allowance for instructor innovation and creativity (Felstead et al, 2006: 4). Most of the health and fitness clubs in the United Kingdom provide facilities for group training in a fitness room that is designated for the purpose, and is equipped with a music system, loudspeakers and full-length mirrors (Mintel, 2005). Whereas machine-based workouts do not follow a timetable, exercise to music is conducted to a time scale. The participants experience a wider range of vision as well as physical space in which to function. Group exercise has the additional benefit of building social bonds between participants, thus increasing fitness club attendance and helping to keep membership levels high (FIA, 2003). The Exercise to Music (ETM) class is led by an ETM instructor present in front of the class, sometimes on a platform. The instructor uses a