Discuss the linguistic differences between the spoken and written modes Essays

Discuss the linguistic differences between the spoken and written modes Essays Discuss the linguistic differences between the spoken and written modes Paper Discuss the linguistic differences between the spoken and written modes Paper Discuss the linguistic differences between the spoken and written modes and consider the ways in which both are perceived in terms of social prestige For both the spoken and written mode it is possible to recognize different linguistic characteristics. Speech is a useful social tool, helping to develop communication and express attitudes and opinions. Writing is useful for documenting facts and ideas, making notes and organising information; it is a more permanent mode than speech which can be revised or reread. The first point to be taken into consideration for each mode is the audience. Spoken encounters more often than not are personalised and happen face to face with a particular individual. While written language can either be intended for one individual reader or directed at a wider unknown audience. The lexis for both the written and spoken mode is somewhat different. Informal and colloquial is the language used during speech whereas Standard English applies for the written. It is very uncommon; except for during personal correspondence that informal lexis would be acceptable in the written mode. Due to the personal nature of speech it is customary to use personal register, for example, current jokes or nicknames, and colloquial idioms e. g. the thing is, as far as I can see. Abbreviations may also be used when a high level of familiarity is established. It is highly unlikely that you will come across such familiar terms in the written mode. Grammar within spoken language tends to be more relaxed and fairly simple, while grammar in the written mode is a key element and requires thought. Speech usually includes minor sentences and straightforward noun phrases. In contrast, written language is more formal which introduces both complex sentences and noun phrase. This is the reason why speech is a quicker and brief method of communication. Due to the spontaneity of speech there is likely to be non-fluency features. The most common of these features are voiced hesitation and fillers. Voiced hesitations are pauses used for many different reasons; firstly to provide thinking time. As speech is impulsive the speaker may frequently need to think about what to say. Secondly, written language uses punctuation to signify the end of a sentence, spoken language uses a pause. These are known as utterances. Also, it is very likely that the speaker may need time to breathe! Speech has a loose structure which results in the use of fillers. Once again these are mostly used to give the speaker time to search for a word and to fill awkward gaps in speech. Another non-fluency feature is false starts and these can be due to nervousness, or simply recalling the situation differently. In general, speech is much more repetitive than writing which leads to a lot of self-correction. Once spoken, errors are not possible to be withdrawn. Correction within writing is usually not seen due to draft copies, despite this, crossings out are the written equivalent of self-correction. A speaker who is aware of their listeners response is able to make amendments before communication falters. Expressions such as you know are a speakers method of encouraging the listener to respond that communication is effective. Such expressions are called discourse markers. The listener may also use backchanneling to prove they are paying attention. There is no need for either of these within the written mode as the communication is one way. The reader may be able to respond but the reply is rarely instantaneous. To lure the listener into the conversation a direct address can be used. Phrases such as and you know what I said? require the listener to show encouragement to continue. The speaker and the listener may also use backchanneling. The speaker would use it to check people are listening and the listener would use it to show that they are paying attention. By monitoring the listeners behaviour communication is prevented from being broken down. As well as words the spoken mode uses paralinguistic features to aid communication and ensure that it is expressive. An example of this is body language, facial expressions or posture; these can either strengthen or contradict the spoken word. Prosodic features are another feature of the spoken mode; these are all the observable aspects of behaviour that accompany speech, apart from the words themselves. A prosodic feature includes the following; pitch, volume, pace, rhythm, tone and stress patterns. Changes in pitch when speaking are more often than not linked to meaning and the speakers relationship with the topic. A high pitch suggests that the speaker is enthusiastic or excited whereas a low pitch indicates a disappointment of some sort. The volume manipulates the meaning of the speech while pace is related to the speakers attitude towards the subject they are talking about. When emphasis is placed on key words it highlights their importance; a change in stress can change the meaning. In the written mode, prosodic features are replaced with punctuation. The written mode tends to include and explain references within the text, as writers must ensure that there is no unintended ambiguity. Alternatively, in the spoken mode context dependence leads to much use of deictic features. There also needs to be the assumption that the audience shares the speakers knowledge of the topic. Deictic expressions, for example just now or over there, which refer to the present situation are common in the spoken mode. With the spoken mode there is likely to be little or no planning of the speech. Because of this it is probable that there will be much multiple co-ordination (the repetitive use of and). This is not apparent in the written mode, instead complex sentence structures and sub-ordination is used. Many people consider the written language to be of a higher prestige than the spoken. This is true in a broad, general perspective yet sufficient examples exist of formal spoken language; radio, television, legal circles. The written language mainly uses accurate Standard English and is an important medium used within education. Spoken English is often spontaneous whereas written texts are much more tidy and structured. Despite this, there are instances of informal correspondence, for example, email. However, if either mode deserves to be called the original form of the language it is the spoken. For centuries when many people were considered illiterate it was speech that helped them conduct their daily business. It is the spoken mode rather than the written that dominates everyday society and it is speech which is historically prior to writing. According to Sarah Thorne, We all assimilate the rules of the spoken language from an early age, most speech encounters take place within a co-operative framework (Thorne, Mastering Advanced English Language, 1997, p228). At any age, we are able to make judgements about the kind of language suitable for various people and different contexts. Nevertheless, in linguistic terms neither the written nor the spoken mode is considered as superior.

Free sample - Teaching Strategies for Nursing Educators. translation missing

Teaching Strategies for Nursing Educators. Teaching Strategies for Nursing EducatorsIntroduction Russell et al (2007) assert that the healthcare system has undergone unprecedented and rapid changes over the past years due to the reduced vital information’s life span and mounting complexity of the practice. Distinctively, quite a number of technological advantages have been availed in radiological science such as Picture and communication Systems (PACS) and computed and digital radiography. This has increased information to learn and teach within a short period of time hence necessitating educators to reassess their teaching strategies to meet the new health cares system’s demands. This paper presents two of such strategies that nursing educators can employ to enhance active learning that is student-centered as opposed to traditional teacher centered approach. The paper will also look at the barriers that could be experienced while using the strategies and how to overcome them. Lecture Lecture is the broadly used and the oldest teaching method used in classroom currently. This strategy is very popular due to its many advantages. First of all, the lecture has the ability of giving information to a big number of students. It can also cover a huge amount material within a short period other than providing efficient utilization of class time and being cost effectiveness (Russell et al, 2007). The lecture is a mode of introducing new material, maintain a topic discussion and summarize the content of the course and also present big blocks of confusing and complex ideas. There are however some shortcomings of the lectures as teaching strategy as they offer less chances for the students to process ideas and information and grow problem-solving skills, the make students lose interest promptly and deny them an opportunity to provide feedback. Additionally, lectures do not do not enable students skip familiar content and they also enhance a teacher-centered setting as opposed to student-centered setting (Russell et al, 2007). Self-Directed Learning This is a strategy that offers the learners responsibility to carry out some learning activities on their own. It assists students take an extra active role as far as their nursing education is concerned (Russell et al, 2009). A nursing educator can use this opportunity to encourage students to set their own learning goals, make decisions on the learning methods to employ and evaluate their progress on regular basis. These are important aspects of self-directed learning which can be manifested in the form of contracts, distance learning packages, clinical logs and problem-based packages. Russell et al (207) observe that there as various forms of self-directed learning such as self-evaluation, which lets students evaluate their own performance, precisely identify their weaknesses and strengths and grow to be more independent. Another of self-directed learning is learning contracts which promote active learning. This is a written joint agreement between students and teachers clearly stating what a leaner has to do to attain particular learning outcomes.   This helps students to take a bigger responsibility in their education.    Barriers faced by nursing educators and how they can be solved by the above strategies There are many barriers that nursing educators face in line of their duty. This is partly because nursing has been identified by the U.S Department of Labour as the â€Å"fasting growing occupation in terms of growth through 2012† (Keller Collins, 2004). This has increased what is expected of nurse educators and as a result some of the immediate barriers are identified as financial, language, and student preparation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial barriers with the nursing educators’ profession could be brought about to the fact that some students may lack required materials or resources. This situation can easily be solved through lectures as few resources can be used to teach many students. Additionally distance learning packages as a form of self directed learning reduces costs. Language could be solved through self-directed learning students are given instructions and carry out activities on their own as opposed to listening to educators whose language they don’t understand. Sometimes students may lack time to prepare but this situation is dealt with through lectures which cover loads of information within a short time, giving them ample time to prepare (Keller Collins, 2004). Conclusion Nursing educators can use a number of strategies to ensure that active learning is promoted not only in a class setting but also in practical basis. Among these strategies are lecture and self-directed learning that go along way in meeting the goal of educators, that is, preparation of students to become better professionals. There is however barriers faced by educators such financial, language and student preparation barriers that can be solved through proper use of the discussed strategies Reference Keller, S. and Collins, V. (2004). Nursing Education Barriers Identification Survey. Retrieved 18, Oct. 2010 Russell, A. et al. (2007). Teaching Strategies promoting Active learning in Healthcare Education. Journal of Education and Human Development, 1 (1): 34-39.

Trans Global Holidays Niche Product - Yoga and Facial Yoga Excursions Essay

Trans Global Holidays Niche Product - Yoga and Facial Yoga Excursions - Essay Example Yoga Excursions focuses on health and well-being of its diverse clientele. Green (2008) suggests that yoga exercises improve focus and mental attention, creating the catalyst for improved moods and concentration. In a world where consumer activities create stressful life situations, Trans Global believes that Yoga Excursions maintains the ability to capture the attention of the wealthier consumer demographic and the upscale business-oriented consumer audience. The tour begins with a full day at the Yoga Excursions spa for body waxing, massage or any other variety of personal grooming and care required by the tourist. This period of the company tour is designed to facilitate the initial sensations of freedom and personal indulgence, an emotional sensation triggered by the upscale salon and social environment provided by Trans Global. The yoga sessions are aggressive, led by a senior professional in the field of yoga and contortionist training, designed to act as a positive motivator and facilitate interpersonal relationships with the tour’s attendees. Facial yoga, according to Stinchfield (2007) involves the manipulation of facial muscles, utilizing various facial-toning techniques to develop perceptions of personal youth and beauty. According to Boone & Kurtz (2006), more and more middle-aged women are turning toward non-surgical beauty enhancements as a means to avoid long-term surgical complications, thus Trans Global believes th at facial yoga maintains a rather new-age alternative to recapturing youth and beauty. The entire tour ends with a final group dinner in which the clients are allowed to share their unique yoga experiences and receive their appropriate Trans Global awards for excellence in yoga and creative facial yoga exercises.

Knowledge and Skills Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knowledge and Skills Framework - Essay Example The NHS KSF (Knowledge and Skills Framework) comprises of thirty dimensions in all of which six of them are core to every job. These core dimensions describe the key functions that the NHS staff must follow in order to optimize the level and quality of service provided to the public at large. These include: Communication; Personal & People Development; Health Safety and Security; Service Improvement; Quality; and Equality and Diversity (DoH, 2004). Communication will help in service givers in caring for dying / sick people in a better manner. Personal & People development aims at ascertaining the learning needs of the staff and to ensure that they are well equipped to train their junior team members such as care assistants or nursing students. The health, safety and security dimension focuses on the belief that every individual within the NHS including the staff, patients or visitors are entitled to be safe and well cared for. Service improvement is an evolving area in the field of palliative care provision and it helps in ensuring that the staff is well equipped with current knowledge which will in turn prove to be extremely crucial and helpful in their respective fields of practice. Quality is one of the most significant aspects of health care. This dimension is included by the NHS to ensure good quality of service provision by individual practitioners. The health care service is often plagued with doubts, complaints and cri ticisms regarding the lack of equality in service provision. This core dimension i.e. Equality and Diversity, hence aims to ensure that no differentiation whatsoever is made between individuals seeking health care service and that all patients regardless of their ethnic or other differences shall be treated with equality at all times (Stevens, 2009). Communication is one of most important factors, particularly in the field of health care. It is the means by which patients and care givers

The Life Of Babe Ruth Essay -- essays research papers

The Life Of Babe Ruth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Babe Ruth, born George Ruth, Jr., is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. Everybody knows how great a hitter Babe was and how he virtually invented the home run. Not everybody knows how great of a pitcher Babe was, even though he was one of the best left-handed pitchers of all time. Babe had a 92 and 44 record, 67.6%, and a 2.24 career earned- run average in 163 games pitched. Not many career .342 hitters that averaged a home run every 11.8 at bats can say that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Ruth, Jr. was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on February 6, 1895, son of George Herman Ruth, Sr. and Kate Ruth. George took the name of Herman at his confirmation since it was his father's middle name and the name of his friend at St.Mary's Industrial School, Brother Herman. Ruth says he had a â€Å" rotten start† in life; he spent his childhood days on the streets and piers of Baltimore. He led a rather lawless life, his parents were medium-poor and he was mainly on his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All this changed when Ruth entered St.Mary's Industrial School at the age of eight. Ruth, even though he didn't realize it, had come in to a good thing. Brother Matthais took young Ruth under his wing and taught him to read, write, play baseball, do needle work, and right from wrong. Ruth showed a startling natural talent with a baseball bat, so Brother Matthais tried to round young George into a complete baseball player by teaching him to pitch and field. Ruth says that, †Brother Matthais was the greatest man I ever knew.† Ruth was taught to make shirts and became quite good at it, he boasted that he could sew a shirt in less than 15 minutes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ruth never had to use this skill because he was discharged from St.Mary's School on February 27, 1914 to join the Baltimore Orioles baseball team of the American League. Ruth was paid a salary of $600 to play in the International League, one step below the major league, on an Orioles affiliate team. The team went to Fayettville for spring training and Ruth showed raw talent and didn't need much formal training but needed lots of controlled practice. Coach Sam Steinman warned the veterans to go easy with the rookie Ruth, he said, †He's one of Jack Dunn's babes.† Journalist Roger Pippen asked Steinman to explain, Steinm... ... Ruth was suspended on three different occasions for various reasons and his numbers dropped substantially, but the Yankees still won the pennant. Again they faced the Giants in the World Series. Babe was not a factor at all in this pitiful series for the whole Yankee team as they got swept by the Giants. Even with this failure, Babe led the Yankee's to seven World Series, winning five of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Babe's unbelievable career, he had a lifetime average of .342, hit 714 career home runs, had 2,209 career RBI's, and 2,873 total hits, all in only 2,503 total games. As amazing as these stats are, they are not the reason people should be grateful that Babe played the game. The reason most people should know Babe Ruth is for the most important reason, that being the way he saved baseball from extinction. Forget how Babe was the best power-hitter in baseball and considered by many the best player in baseball history, and just think about how he kept the American pastime alive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 16, 1948, at 8:01 PM, not only did the greatest baseball player of all time, but a great person, die in the form of George Herman â€Å"Babe† Ruth, Jr.

Environmentalism and Deforestation Activities Essay

Deforestation is a severe environmental destruction which cannot be revived easily if changed at current rate. Therefore, I totally agree that deforestation causes a lot of environmental problems. Deforestation includes the cutting down, burning and destructing of forests. The deforestation affects the ecosystem and disrupts the oxygen and carbon oxide cycle. People have an impression that if the trees were cut down, it will grow back in a few years. Everyone knows the trees are very important in our daily life because it can produces oxygen to people can breathe with fresh air. However, the trees become less because deforestation. We can plant more trees around the environment to prevent the deforestation. Furthermore, plant more trees also can prevent our health and the global warming. In short, we can plant more trees to stop the deforestation. On the other hand, we can recycle the anything that we can recycle it. The paper that we use every day was makes from trees, so, we cannot waste the paper and we must reuse the part that can be used. We also can buy the variety of recycled items likewise papers, toilet paper, note books, and shopping bags. When we start use the recycled things, we can save many the demand of raw material replaced by the recycled products. We can join the environmental group to prevent deforestation and and protect our environment. When we join the group, we can make some notice boards about the serious of deforestation. For example, we can write the ‘Please save our earth!’, ‘Stop cutting the trees!’ and the others. The notice board can placed at the college, school, or the road side to remaining people that our earth was dangerous now. In fact, people can realize the deforestation was very harmful to our earth. In conclusion, the deforestation was cause many environmental problems. Therefore, we need some way to stop all such deforestation activities immediately for our earth future become very well.

Cyber Terrorism An Electonic Threat Essays - 533 Words

Cyber terrorism is make use of computers an organization or Government and certain information via the internet, resulting in physical injury, the real world or severe disruption of infrastructure. There are some who are against terrorism is really a form of cyber hacking or information warfare. They disagree with the label terrorists because this is not like Hud creation of fear, physical injury, or significant death in the population using electronic means, during the attacks and the protection technologies. The National Conference of State put the legislature (NCSL) which many finer points of the definition of the term use of information technology by terrorist groups and carrying out attacks against the network, computer systems and†¦show more content†¦The attack is a distributed denial of service attack where the selected web sites have been bombarded with traffic to force them off the line, almost all Estonian Government Ministry network, as well as two major Estonian bank networks were knocked offline; In addition, political parties Website this time Prime Minister of Estonia Andrus Ansip offered fake Letter apology Ansip for removing the statues a reminder. Computer programs are valuable property and therefore subject to theft from the computer system. However, it is not allowed to copy software, or software piracy, is also the main form of theft. Software piracy by employees of the company are extensive, resulting in legal action by the Software Publishers Association, an industry association software developers, as compared to the major companies are not allowed to make a copy of approved programmes Copying without permission is illegal because the software is intellectual property protected by the laws of copyright and user license agreements. For example, in the United States, a commercial software package are covered by the computer software piracy and counterfeiting amendments to the Copyright Act. In most cases, the purchase of a commercial software package that really is fair usage license fees by the end user for the individual. The latest study by the Business Software